Adapted from the talk as a book chapter, in the speaker's voice. It keeps the argument, stories and wording where possible, but it is an edited retelling, not a transcript. Tap a time in the margin to hear that moment.
Before the talk
Brooks BuserIf by day three you don't know about Radius, we haven't done our job, so I'll be brief. Radius is a nine-month training school just across the border in Mexico, with campuses in English, Mandarin and Hindi, and one starting in Africa. We take away students' internet in their second week, and their reading and critical thinking improve dramatically. There are early-morning workouts, and you can't go north during the program. If your training isn't rigorous enough, why expect you to do well when the real task is so much harder? We're not a Swiss Army knife but a one-bladed knife. There are other glorious things in missions that we heartily support, but Radius trains only for going to the last languages on earth where the gospel and the church have yet to go: ecclesiology, teamwork, and how to go for ten, fifteen, twenty years where no one has heard the name of Christ and know where to start. Come to one of our visit days in November; within about five minutes you'll know whether it's right for you or your church's members.
Brooks BuserI don't want to take too much of his time. I'm thankful for him and for his love for the church. Please welcome my friend Mark Dever.
If you're like me, you're tired by now. This is the third day of a very full conference. So let me tell you up front what I'm going to say and why. Then, if you need to tune out and check your email, you'll have the point; and if you want the details, I'll go ahead and give the talk.
Those of us who speak at conferences like this have, in private, a lot of complaints about missions. A lot is going on that we don't like. We talk together and ask, “What do we do about it? How do we make things better?” (just as you want your own church and your own Christian life to be better, to follow Christ more nearly). My basic contribution is this: the problems on the mission field simply reflect the problems in our churches. Don't go yelling at the mission agencies, the seminary missions professors and the people writing missions books. Look in the mirror. Look at your own church, at what we are doing here. If we want to clean up the mission field, we have to clean up our churches.
If you want to help world missions, teach the church about the church.
That is my whole thesis. Everything else is detail.
So, friends: the mission of the church is the church continuing and prospering, and helping new churches be planted, especially where the name of Christ has not been proclaimed. That is a carefully worded sentence, so I'll repeat it. The mission of the church is the church continuing and prospering, and helping new churches be planted, especially where the name of Christ has not yet been proclaimed.
About a year ago David Garrison, one of the pioneers of the contemporary idea of church planting movements and a longtime missionary himself, published a celebratory volume, Inside Church Planting Movements, subtitled What 25 Years of Assessments Reveal. Garrison found that church planting movements (the rapid conversion not only of individuals but of large sections of people groups) have occurred over the last quarter century in many parts of the world. Analyzing them, learning from what was fruitful and repeating it seemed to him the obvious way forward: where has it worked, and how can we repeat it? That, he thought, is how we will fulfill God's plan, summarized in Jesus' words in Matthew 24:14: “This gospel of the kingdom will be proclaimed throughout the whole world as a testimony to all nations, and then the end will come.”
The end is the visible, bodily, glorious return of the Son of Man, Jesus Christ. The thought that your church and mine could actually labor toward that vindication, that cosmic celebration of the once-rejected and now raised Son of Man, strikes us as an almost unbelievable privilege: that we can have a part in that parade of grace. So understanding what it is truly to proclaim the gospel of the kingdom throughout the whole world as a testimony to all nations matters greatly to Christians everywhere. Every good end, from God's glory to the vindication of Christ's name to the salvation of the lost, spurs us on to see the gospel of Jesus Christ proclaimed to all the world.
But the devil is quite literally in the details. At home and abroad, people and even churches that call themselves Christian show little evidence of it. The scourge of falsely understood and falsely reported conversions does not first appear in mission agencies and boards. It first appears among pastors, churches and church members. So how are the problems we see in world missions to be cleaned up? Changes in some agencies would help. Changes in Bible colleges and seminary missions departments would help. But at the very headwaters of so many of these problems is the local church, yours and mine. How have we taught people to believe they are saved, and to lead others to consider themselves saved? The project I feel I've been engaged in for decades is simply this: we have to change the way churches think about themselves. (For the Baptists among us, that's why so many of you pastors get fired: you try to do this work and people don't appreciate it.)
What is a Christian? What is the gospel? What is the church? Those were the three crucial questions of the Reformation, and they are the crucial questions for every one of us today. How many of the problems on our mission fields are simply projections of our misunderstandings and misdeeds in our home churches? How do we put it right? Surely by prayer and humble searching of the word, resulting in pastors thinking better about the church and about the training Christians receive before they become our missionaries. Missionaries who report dodgy conversion numbers probably come from churches that are themselves somewhat careless, not so much in accounting for their budgets as in giving assurance of salvation: too quickly, on too little evidence, often to those who are too young. Brothers and sisters, let's give ourselves to studying the word, to be sure we understand what a Christian is, that we ourselves are following Christ, and that our churches are teaching these things as they should.
I'm used to raising exactly these questions and finding everyone bored. They think, what's the point? And I've been right on this so many times that I don't care about your boredom. Decades ago I was part of a group called the Council on Ecclesiology, about fifteen leaders from various seminaries and denominations. After three hours of pointless, fruitless discussion, and knowing who was in the room, I told the chairman at the coffee break that I wanted to raise the question of what the gospel is. He laughed condescendingly and said, “Mark, I think we know what the gospel is.” “Good,” I said. “Then it shouldn't take long.” After the break I raised it, and it led to the end of the Council on Ecclesiology. I'm not kidding. The moderator threw the question out; people were reluctant to go up to the whiteboard; finally someone wrote a definition, someone objected, someone added something, someone else objected, and soon the room was in a ferment of disagreement over what the gospel is. It's never a wasted lunchtime conversation to ask, “What is the good news of Jesus Christ?” People will overhear; some might get saved. Share the gospel with each other. Make sure you understand what that good news is.
Preach about the church to the church
My very practical, positive idea, especially for the many pastors here, is simply this: preach about the church to the church. That is my one-sentence summary of everything else I have to say. It is a terribly neglected part of what we are to preach from the Bible, and one reason is that many people doubt there is much in the Bible about the local church. There may be stories and examples, they think, but the situation then was so different from ours, and so much else is clearer and more central to the gospel, that little of my preaching should be about the church. Maybe I'll do a topical series early in my ministry so the church knows what a church is, and if it goes really well I'll publish it as a book (something like Nine Marks of a Healthy Church). But regularly preaching about the church to the church seems somehow off, like preaching about the window rather than what we see through it. We've had glorious messages from Ian and Michael on the glory of Christ, and surely that is what we want to get behind. Why preach on the window?
Well, consider what the Bible says about the local church, and ask: if we don't instruct our churches on it, who will? What are we to do together as a church? What are we to believe? How are we to make decisions? Christians face and answer many practical questions, some a little differently. Some of the churches you've come from, or will go home to, do things very differently from Capitol Hill Baptist Church, even though they preach the same gospel. How does that happen? What should we think about such differences? Is anything two gospel-preaching churches disagree about unimportant by definition? It's a good question for lunch. If we don't consider it carefully, we leave the door open to all kinds of things, and so do our missionaries.
We know the good news of Jesus Christ only because God decided to reveal the truth about himself to us, through his word, by his Spirit, in the Bible. And the truth of Christ is the means God's Spirit uses to reconcile us to himself: that for sinners like us there is salvation through the substitutionary death of Christ, and the good news of his resurrection, ascension and coming return, that he is our Savior if we trust in him. That is good news for you, too. You can go to a missions conference and be lost. Maybe friends brought you; maybe you thought it would be a fun few days in Fort Worth. Welcome! We're glad you're here. The most important thing you can do is make sure you know what it means to be a Christian, and make sure you are one.
New life comes through the word, as Jesus prayed it would. In John 17:20 he prays not only for his disciples but “also for those who will believe in me through their word.” People become Christians through a specific message. That's what happens in Acts: while Peter was still speaking to Cornelius and his friends, “the Holy Spirit fell on all who heard the word” (10:44), just as God had told Cornelius that Peter “will declare to you a message by which you will be saved, you and all your household” (11:14). That's why Paul reasons in Romans 10 about the necessity of someone preaching this message: “faith comes from hearing.” And not only at the start of the Christian life. Throughout our lives the Bible is our lifeline and our feast; read Psalm 119 aloud and rejoice in every stanza celebrating God's life-giving word. Near the end of his life Paul wrote to Timothy that all Scripture is God-breathed and useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, and charged him: “Preach the word; be ready in season and out of season; correct, rebuke and encourage, with great patience and careful instruction.”
This message is an attempt at such careful instruction, to help us recover faithfulness to God's word on something that is not essential for salvation but is important for every missionary, every pastor and finally every Christian: what is the local church to be and to do? If you don't understand what churches are to be and do in Fort Worth, you won't understand what they are to be and do anywhere else. Christ “loved the church and gave himself up for her” (Ephesians 5:25). Just as Scripture teaches us about all of life and doctrine, it teaches us about our life together as we assemble as a local church for corporate worship, and about how we are to organize that life. It doesn't teach us everything, but neither does it teach us nothing, and we should want to search out all God has revealed, and joyfully accept it, adopt it, submit to it and enjoy his blessing in it. We are to teach our people to observe all that Christ commanded. This is where a healthy missions culture in your church begins: making sure people clearly understand what a Christian is, what the gospel is and what a church is.
So let's look briefly at three questions, and then spend more time on a fourth. I approach it this way because I want us to remember how we approach God: as he has told us to. Our pattern as Christians is to seek God's will in God's word, whether by express command or by principles we reason from.
Four questions, one answer
1. What shall we do? The answer is in the Bible. God made us, so he knows what we were made for, and we look to his word for how to live. He has always cared how the people called by his name live. When he called Abram out of paganism in Genesis 12, he called him to believe a promise, and that belief would shape how he lived. When Abraham's descendants had multiplied in Egypt, God gave his assembly instructions for how to live; that is what Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy are about. At the end of Matthew, Jesus promised that his authority would be with his disciples to the end of the age. Was that only for the apostles? No; they didn't last to the end of the age. It was for those who would follow them in ministry and witness, those who, as Jesus prayed in John 17, would believe through their word. These are instructions to Christians, preachers, churches and missionaries: go, make disciples, baptize, and teach them to observe all that I have commanded you. Not all that is essential for salvation, but all he commanded.
That is the very core and substance of missions. What did Paul, the great missionary apostle, do? He established churches and taught them, in person and by letter, how to live. Ian reminded us on the first day that Ephesians has one imperative in its first three chapters and forty-one in its last three, all rooted in the indicatives of the first three. Christ builds his church by his word. A local church, whether in Washington, D.C., Fort Worth or Beijing, is a body of people marked out by the fruit of God's Spirit as holy and loving. By direct command or by principle, God's word tells us all we need to know about following him in every area of life, from dating to marriage, from work to giving, from evangelism to missions.
2. What shall we believe? The answer is in the Bible. God has revealed the truth about himself and us, and we depend on him for the good news and all we need to know. The church is not only people living lives of love, but people doing so because we all agree on how we have been loved in Christ. My wife's family is from Hartford, Kentucky, which has a billboard as you drive in: “Home of 2,000 happy people and a few soreheads.” That's not what the church is, a group of people who happen to have a happy attitude. We are people who know ourselves to have been loved by God through Christ in the most amazing way. Paul writes in 1 Corinthians 15, “Now I would remind you, brothers, of the gospel I preached to you, which you received, in which you stand, and by which you are being saved, if you hold fast to the word I preached to you… For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received: that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures, that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day.” This message must be believed by those we evangelize, wherever in the world they are, if they are to be Christians and if we are to have a Christian church. That's why Paul is so hard on the Galatians for turning to another gospel. Whether explicitly (substitutionary atonement) or implicitly (the Trinity, church membership), what we are to believe is in the Bible.
3. How shall we worship? The answer is in the Bible. God tells us how to approach him in public worship. We read the Bible, sing the Bible, preach the Bible and pray the Bible. The church is not simply a group of people who believe the same gospel and live distinctly Spirit-led lives; that would describe most of this conference. We are a people who come together regularly to worship God in spirit and in truth, as Jesus said in John 4, whether in Arabic or English, Hindi or German. We are commanded not to forsake that regular assembling, so it is no surprise that God tells us what to do in it. Creativity and innovation, so prized in our culture, may have a secondary role, but they are not primarily what is to shape worship in the local church. Even redeemed, we are fallen and unreliable guides to invent things we would then require each other to do in coming to God.
In the Bible human inventions in worship were again and again idolatrous. Consider the golden calf in Exodus 32. They sincerely wanted to worship the God who had brought them out of Egypt, and look how horribly wrong they went. Their disobedience about idolatry and adultery, their rejection of what they were to believe and do, showed itself in a grotesque distortion of their public worship. Have you seen such distortions tempt you, or your church, or mission teams you've been part of? One thing that separated the false gods of the Old Testament from the true God is that the false gods were mute. People had to figure out creatively how to approach them: “We could do this,” “It's cool,” “My family always did it this way.” But the true God spoke. He told his people how to approach him. “This people draw near with their mouth and honor me with their lips, while their hearts are far from me, and their fear of me is a commandment taught by men” (Isaiah 29:13), a passage Jesus quoted in Mark 7 to correct the distortions the Pharisees' traditions had brought into worship. Depravity makes us unreliable guides. We need God's self-revelation, or we are lost.
Everything we do on Sunday morning at our church we intend to do in obedience to God's word. I “deboned” my Bible in the hotel this morning (preachers keep all sorts of things in their Bibles) and pulled out last Sunday's bulletin so it wouldn't fall out up here. The order of service is on the first page, and everything in it we mean to take from Scripture. None of it is “Hey, that's a cool idea; let's try it.” We begin with a scriptural call to worship, symbolizing that God's people are called together by his word; faith comes through hearing (Romans 10:17). After the announcements there is a moment of silence, and then God's word is simply read out, not even with a reference given, and God's people look up and know, “That's my Father's voice.” We confess the faith with our mouths, as Romans 10:9 calls us to. We sing psalms and hymns because we are commanded to (James 5:13; Ephesians 5:19; Colossians 3:16). We pray and praise (Hebrews 13:15) and intercede (James 5; Ephesians 6:18). We read God's word to each other (Revelation 1:3). We confess our sins (1 John 1:9). We remind ourselves of God's glory for our great comfort. We give, as we are instructed in Galatians 6:6. (Last Sunday, for the first time in our church's 150-year history, there were no offering plates. The walls didn't fall in. People still gave, mostly electronically, and there were a couple of wooden boxes at the back. The circumstances changed; the element remained.) And of course there is preaching, commanded in 2 Timothy 4:2 and modeled throughout Acts.
All of this should happen in our churches, and if you're a missionary, in your home church. But such churches should also be the goal of your missionary work. When you send a missionary, you are looking to see that replicated. There will be differences of language and culture, some expected and some surprising. But when you shake out all the cultural distinctions, you'll find the same elements commanded by God's word. How should we worship? The answer is in the Bible, at home and on the mission field.
4. How shall we live together? How should the church be organized? The answer is in the Bible. Are there diverse church structures in the New Testament? Did things start out charismatic in Acts and Corinthians and end up Presbyterian by the Pastoral Epistles? Or is a consistent government presented? My basic idea is this: God created the church, so, as with us as individuals, the Author is in authority. He tells us what a church is and how it is to function. We need to know what a church is meant to be if we are to evaluate how we're doing and what to do next. Imagine trying to be a good husband or wife without knowing what marriage is. There's a kind of freedom in ignorance (you're free to use the piano as a vacuum cleaner), but there is a far better freedom in knowing what something is for and using it accordingly. So it is with the church.
Our church's statement of faith, which we've had since the day we were founded, says that a visible church of Christ is a congregation of baptized believers associated by covenant in the faith and fellowship of the gospel, observing the ordinances of Christ, governed by his laws, and exercising the gifts, rights and privileges invested in them by his word; and that its only scriptural officers are bishops or pastors, and deacons, whose qualifications, claims and duties are defined in the epistles to Timothy and Titus. A church is governed by Christ's laws and lives in obedience to his teaching. The Westminster Confession puts it so well in chapter 1, paragraph 6 (Nick, this is the section I was referring to in the breakout yesterday): “The whole counsel of God concerning all things necessary for his own glory, man's salvation, faith and life, is either expressly set down in Scripture, or by good and necessary consequence may be deduced from Scripture: unto which nothing at any time is to be added, whether by new revelations of the Spirit, or traditions of men.”
Many otherwise Bible-believing Christians today don't accept that the Bible tells us how to organize our churches, and if that's the case, you can be sure there will be a ton of variety in the missions they sponsor, because they don't believe these things are given. I think most evangelical, even Baptist, seminaries today would not say there is a consistent pattern of polity in the New Testament. If that has been your assumption, ask yourself: what would you do if there were such teaching in the Bible? Would you submit to it? Some say Scripture can be sufficient without being specific about everything we might wonder about; people can imagine things and read them into the Bible, and that's certainly true. Scripture is sufficient to help us do whatever God wants, from choosing a job to choosing a car, and often it does so through principles rather than specifics. But with polity, the organization and structure of the church, we see that God does care. He has appointed in the church various kinds of people, including teachers and administrators (1 Corinthians 12:28). Why? Because he cares how the church operates. Paul tells the Colossians he rejoices to see their good order (2:5). Have you ever looked at a church and been delighted by how orderly it is? Does that seem strange to you? It seemed natural to Paul.
Others dismiss the topic as unimportant. I think we tend to be impatient today with anything not essential for salvation. Most Americans seem to have two speeds: either something is essential for salvation, or it's unimportant. You won't think well, or read your Bible well, that way. There are many things of varying importance you'll have to think through: things essential for salvation, and things not essential for salvation but really important for living the Christian life in obedience to God's word. These commands are not arbitrary; obeying them bears good fruit. Questions of polity are of real importance in the life of the church, and of crucial importance for its health and even its survival.
Speaking for the congregation I serve: we agree with the Christians who founded it about 150 years ago that the Bible does teach us about these matters in a basic way, and that they are important enough to study Scripture carefully, expecting to find answers about how to structure our life together. We fashion our structure and practices on the explicit and implicit teaching of the Bible, found in commands and examples. The examples to follow are not, of course, the examples of sin and heresy, but those clearly commended. There is a small middle category of examples, and even some commands, that were temporary and situational (like greeting one another with a holy kiss) and yet embodied larger abiding principles. You could discuss those endlessly; if you need a PhD topic, there you go.
I take time on this because if I can convince you that the end state of our obedience, what a local church is to be, is not up for debate here at home, you'll see it is not up for debate on the mission field either. In 1 Corinthians 9 Paul becomes as a Jew to win Jews and as one outside the law to win those outside the law, but that contextualization served the presentation of the same unchanging gospel and the same teaching of Jesus about how he is to be obeyed in public worship and private life. I have page after page of examples. Who is the church? The members comprise the local church. Must we meet together? In the New Testament they clearly did. Some churches increasingly define the church as its shared leadership rather than its shared congregation. But from the Lord's Supper in 1 Corinthians 11 to the command to love one another in 1 John 4:20, and above all Hebrews 10:24–25 (“Let us consider how to stir up one another to love and good works, not neglecting to meet together, as is the habit of some, but encouraging one another, and all the more as you see the Day drawing near”), it's clear that not only the elders must know who the members are, but the members must know each other. How else can we consider how to stir one another up if we don't even meet? The wholeness of the congregation is important to the church's life and witness. That's why our congregation is committed to one site and one service, and we assume the people we send out as missionaries understand that God has revealed this in his word. We are not after some pragmatic virtual video church in place of the weekly assembly God has given us and promised to indwell and protect by his Spirit.
God created the church. The Author is in authority. In his word he tells us what a church is and important things about how it is to function, and we must teach our churches all we can on these matters if we are to be faithful preachers of God's word and to build and send faithful missionaries. (There is a much fuller treatment in my book The Church.)
A watered-down product
Back to David Garrison's book. I think twenty-five years of assessments reveal exactly what you'd expect: supporters of church planting movements find them confirmed, and skeptics don't. I found David expressing significant assumptions that were wrong. For example, in a section on my criticisms, in an interview I did with Brooks, he writes: “Expository preaching, while highly valued in the evangelical world, requires years of formal education, something rarely found in church planting movements.” Listen to that sentence again and think about its assumptions. In fact, education need not be formal. Mission agencies have waived certain educational requirements for people simply because they had been members of our church for some years and the agencies knew what the ministry there was like. We happily teach young Christians to teach what they know as soon as they are in Christ, and we listen, correct and instruct. I'm not opposed to formal education; I've taken part in it myself, and schools are helpful. But they are not essential.
Garrison ends by asking, “How will we respond to the evidence about these church planting movements?” I hope by pursuing better, more church-centered, longer-sustained and healthier work than has typified many of these movements. It's one thing for people to say they've been assessed and come out positively. But when national Christians from those places find no evidence of real churches to back up the numbers Western mission agencies report, whom are you going to believe?
So what are we to do in the face of the world's need? Be faithful. Pastor, your faithfulness has a greater effect than you may think. Your perseverance in preaching and prayer, your congregation's faithful praying, giving and sending (and, yes, even bringing some missionaries home) are much of what the success of missions depends on. Your Sunday service, and the Christian life your members model, is the main training any missionary from your church will receive. Why give our lives for Christ's church, here and among people of every language? Because Christ's church reflects Christ's character and so brings him glory. The stakes could not be higher. Mistakes that lose the regenerate nature of the church defeat its entire reason for being. And lesser, self-interested, self-promoting, carnal motives can actually stunt the forms of church life that should be there and growing.
So is bigger and faster always better than smaller and slower? Once there was a delicious drink with powerful, positive side effects. Everyone who drank it loved it, and found it was not only good but good for them. Some business consultants came across it and saw marvelous possibilities. “Don't you want people to drink this marvelous beverage?” they asked the man who had the formula. “Yes.” “Wouldn't you like more people to be helped by it?” “Yes.” “Then leave it to us.” Within weeks, bottles appeared in vast numbers, not just in his town but in cities across that part of the country, backed by a huge ad campaign and by rumors from the few who had first bought it about its great taste and benefits. But as the bottles were opened, many people were underwhelmed. It was a good drink, but not what their friends had described or the billboards promised; just another drink on the shelf.
When the man who created the formula heard, he couldn't believe it; his product had never failed. So he went to a store lined with every size of his bottle, opened one and drank. Then he understood. To sell the drink so quickly and on such a scale, they had changed it into something they could make more quickly and cheaply. It was no longer the drink he had first sold to the few who loved it and were helped by it. And now his opportunity to introduce it to the nation was lost. His problem was no longer that nobody knew about the drink. It was far worse: everyone thought they knew about it, and what they would be much harder to convince of was that what they knew was a fake. Was his opportunity lost forever? Would anything he did now be dismissed as a desperate rebranding?
Thank God Christianity is not just a good-tasting drink with beneficial side effects. But there is no doubt that our commission to take the good news of Jesus Christ around the world has been made harder by those who, in the name of making it available more quickly, have (often unintentionally) substituted a watered-down product for the real one, and have something that grew quickly but isn't clearly what it should be. Is it just a meeting of positive thinkers, people sending out good vibes, or people who like this part of their cultural heritage? How often have Christian churches and missions been lost people telling lost people how to have religion, how to obey Jesus, even how to do what Jesus would do, rather than forgiven, born-again people telling lost people how God can save them through faith in Jesus Christ?
I thank God for the many who have gone before us who understood this and lived it out. I think of the quotation I and others shared the last time this conference met, which deserves repeating, from John G. Paton, the pioneer missionary who took the gospel to the islands of the South Pacific in the mid-nineteenth century:
“Plant down your forces in the heart of one tribe or race, where the same language is spoken. Work solidly from the centre, building up with patient teaching and lifelong care a church that will endure. Rest not till every people and language and nation has such a Christ-centred church throbbing in its midst, with the pulses of the new life at full play. Rush not from land to land, from people to people, in a breathless, fruitless mission. The concentrated common sense that builds for eternity will receive the fullest approval of God in time.”
Friends, what will it take for this generation to realize this and live it out?
Lord God, thank you for every opportunity you give us by your grace to follow and serve you, and to be instruments by which others come to know their own sin before you and the extent of your love in Christ. Use our churches to send out missionaries proclaiming this news to literally all the peoples of the earth. We ask in Jesus' name, amen.